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Understanding Trunking in Networking – IEEE 802.1Q

  🌍 Understanding Trunking in Networking – IEEE 802.1Q If you’re working in enterprise networking, VLAN trunking is a must-know concept. Let’s break it down simply 👇 🔌 What is Trunking? Trunking allows multiple VLANs to travel over a single physical link between switches. Instead of using one cable per VLAN, you use one trunk link that carries traffic for multiple VLANs. This is where IEEE 802.1Q comes in. 📘 What is IEEE 802.1Q? 802.1Q is the industry standard for VLAN tagging.It inserts a VLAN tag into Ethernet frames so switches know which VLAN the traffic belongs to. 👉 This process is called tagging. 🖧 Example Scenario Switch A Switch B VLAN 30 VLAN 30 Fa0/24 ⟷ Fa0/24 (802.1Q Trunk Link) When traffic from VLAN 30 leaves Switch A: Traffic → Tagged with VLAN ID → Sent over trunk → Received by Switch B → Delivered to VLAN 30 This ensures proper VLAN separation across multiple switches. 🏷 How 802.1Q Tagging Works • Adds a 4-byte tag inside the Ethernet frame • Includes VLAN...
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IPv4 vs. IPv6 — Comparison with Pros & Cons

  IPv4 vs. IPv6 at a Glance 1. Basic Overview Feature IPv4 IPv6 IP Version Internet Protocol version 4 Internet Protocol version 6 Address Length 32-bit 128-bit Address Format Decimal, dotted notation (e.g., 192.168.1.1 ) Hexadecimal, colon-separated (e.g., 2001:0db8::1 ) Address Space ~4.3 billion addresses ~3.4 × 10³⁸ addresses (virtually unlimited) 2. Technical Differences Feature IPv4 IPv6 Header Size 20–60 bytes Fixed 40 bytes (more efficient) Configuration Manual or DHCP Auto-configuration (SLAAC) + DHCPv6 Fragmentation Routers & hosts fragment packets Only hosts fragment; routers do not Checksum Yes No (simplifies processing) Broadcast Supported Not supported (uses multicast & anycast instead) Multicast Optional Built-in and mandatory Security (IPsec) Optional Mandatory support (but use is optional) 3. Performance & Efficiency Feature IPv4 IPv6 Routing Less efficient Simplified routing tables NAT (Network Address Translation) Required due to address exhaustion No...
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OpenShift Interview Questions and Answers 2025

  OpenShift Interview Questions and Answers  1-What is OpenStack? OpenStack is a cloud computing project aimed at providing infrastructure as a service (IaaS). OpenStack is a set of software components for managing and building Cloud Computing platforms for private and public clouds. OpenStack is an Open Source Cloud Computing platform. 2-Define OpenStack key components? the key components of OpenStack Nova – It handles the Virtual machines at compute level and performs other computing tasks at compute or hypervisor level. Neutron – It provides the networking functionality to VMs, Compute, and Controller Nodes. Keystone – It provides the identity service for all cloud users and OpenStack services. In other words, we can say Keystone a method to provide access to cloud users and services. Horizon – It provides a GUI (Graphical User Interface), using the GUI Admin can all day to day operations task at ease. Cinder – It provides the block storage functionality Generally, OpenStac...
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