Kubernetes Ingress vs Gateway API
🔹 What is Ingress?
- Ingress is the traditional way to expose HTTP/HTTPS services in Kubernetes.
- It uses Ingress Controllers (like NGINX, Traefik, HAProxy) to route traffic into the cluster.
- You define rules (host/path → service) in an Ingress resource.
✅ Pros: Simple, widely supported, good for basic routing.
❌ Cons: Limited features (TLS termination, path/host routing only), different controllers add their own non-standard annotations.
🔹 What is Gateway API?
🔅 Gateway API is a next-generation replacement for Ingress.
🔅 Provides more flexibility, consistency, and extensibility.
🔅 Designed with multiple personas in mind:
- Infrastructure teams manage Gateways.
- Application developers define Routes.
🔅 Supports richer traffic management (weight-based routing, retries, timeouts, header matching, etc.).
Key Resources in Gateway API:
🪝 GatewayClass – Defines the type of gateway (like IngressClass).
🪝 Gateway – The actual instance (like a load balancer).
🪝 HTTPRoute – Routes HTTP traffic to services.
🪝 TCPRoute/UDPRoute – Non-HTTP traffic.
🪝 ReferenceGrant – Lets apps in one namespace reference resources in another.
✅ Pros: Standardized, portable across implementations, supports advanced features (blue/green, canary, header-based routing).
❌ Cons: Newer, learning curve is bigger.
🔹 Ingress vs Gateway API — The Core Difference
- Ingress = Simple, legacy, limited but widely available.
- Gateway API = Modern, modular, scalable, with first-class support for advanced traffic control...
🔹 Step-by-Step Explanation of Ballooning, Compression & Swapping in VMware ⸻ 1️⃣ Memory Ballooning (vmmemctl) Ballooning is the first memory reclamation technique used when ESXi detects memory pressure. ➤ Step-by-Step: How Ballooning Works 1. VMware Tools installs the balloon driver (vmmemctl) inside the guest OS. 2. ESXi detects low free memory on the host. 3. ESXi inflates the balloon in selected VMs. 4. Balloon driver occupies guest memory, making the OS think RAM is full. 5. Guest OS frees idle / unused pages (because it believes memory is needed). 6. ESXi reclaims those freed pages and makes them available to other VMs. Why Ballooning Happens? • Host free memory is very low. • ESXi wants the VM to release unused pages before resorting to swapping. Example • Host memory: 64 GB • VMs used: 62 GB • Free: 2 GB → ESXi triggers ballooning • VM1 (8 GB RAM): Balloon inflates to 2 GB → OS frees 2 GB → ESXi re...
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